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Video ethnography is the video recording of the stream of activity of subjects in their natural setting, in order to experience, interpret, and represent culture and society.〔Schaeffer, Joseph H. "Videotape: New Techniques of Observation and Analysis in Anthropology." In ''Principles of Visual Anthropology'', ed. Paul Hockings. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995, 255.〕〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography''. London: Sage Publications, 2007, 22.〕 Ethnographic video, in contrast to ethnographic film, cannot be used independently of other ethnographic methods,〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 21.〕 but rather as part of the process of creation and representation of societal, cultural, and individual knowledge.〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 22.〕 It is commonly used in the fields of visual anthropology, visual sociology, and cultural studies.〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 9.〕 Uses of video in ethnography include the recording of certain processes and activities, visual note-taking, and ethnographic diary-keeping.〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 103.〕 Video ethnography involves: • Observation, including extensive filming of practitioners, • Allowing practitioners to view the video recorded material and reflexively discuss their practice, • Transforming practice through practitioner led change, and • Building the capacity for the ongoing and critical appraisal of practice. Video-ethnographic methods seek to foreground practitioner knowledge, expertise, and insight into the dynamics of their own work processes.〔Carroll, K. Iedema, R. Kerridge, R. (2008) Reshaping ICU ward rounds using video-reflexive ethnography. Qualitative health review. 18:3, pp: 380-390.〕 This is achieved by first talking with practitioners about their work and organizational processes, and by seeking an articulation of the social, professional, environmental, and organizational contingencies that both enable and constrain their practice. By allowing practitioners to discuss their practices in response to video footage clinicians and researchers gain insight into areas of practice that may be benefit from redesign. Video ethnography is contingent on the researcher gaining the trust of practitioners, on becoming familiar with the site and on being trusted to be present at time and in places where critical conducts are undertaken. ==History== Photos and moving pictures have been used by ethnographers since soon after they were invented. The first ethnographic film occurred in 1895 by Felix-Louis Regnault who filmed a Senegalese woman making pots.〔Robbens, Antonius C.G.M. "Sensorial Fiedlwork." In ''Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader'',eds. Antonius C.G.M. Robbens and Jeffrey A. Suka. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, 385.〕 Film was used among many researchers however it was Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson who first used methods of visual ethnography such as photos and film as scientific instruments.〔Robbens, Antonius C.G.M. "Sensorial Fieldwork", 386.〕 They opened up the potential of photography and film as analytical tools and data repositories.〔Ball, Mike and Greg Smith. "Technologies of Realism? Ethnographic Uses of Photography and Film." In ''Handbook of Ethnography'', eds. Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffrey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. London: Sage Publications, 2002, 308.〕 Visual anthropologists became very interested in the use of video on the 1980s for its convenience, durability, economy and utility.〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 96.〕 Since the 1990s researchers from different disciplines began to engage with videos as distinct from ethnographic films. This involved the reflexive use of the video as a medium to create knowledge and not just to store data.〔Pink, Sarah. ''Doing Visual Ethnography'', 96.〕 Technological developments, such as the use of digital video, continue to offer new possibilities for the use of videos in ethnography. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Video ethnography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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